Speaking Kiowa Today: Continuity and Change Through the Generations

Speaking Kiowa Today constitutes a systematic, in-depth look at language change over four generations, focusing on one language, Kiowa, during a period of intense language change, often called obsolescence. The integration of ethnolinguistic and structural linguistic research provides a more comprehensive model for examining language obsolescence, or as argued here, language change, as Kiowa cannot yet be considered obsolete due to the important roles it plays in Kiowa society. This joint research methodology reveals how language use is related to linguistic change, as well as which Kiowa forms are changing due to contact with English, and which are undergoing attrition, the eroding of the linguistic system due to disuse. In describing Kiowa as it is spoken today, this work proves that Modern Kiowa is not only a system worthy of being described, but that newer forms are not ‘compromised’ or ‘corrupt.’ Instead, it provides support to the theory that languages can evolve from polysynthetic towards more analytic in structure. Speaking Kiowa Today illustrates how Modern Kiowa speakers are creatively fulfilling necessary functions within the community today, and the language is still viable and useful. It is the end goal of this research that validating the modern form of the language will contribute to language revitalization within any community by restoring pride to speakers of all types, encouraging curriculum development, and supporting language use for more functions

Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference